Jeffrey Pfeffer

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Turning Knowledge into Action and Getting Things Done. Companies have spent millions of dollars building intranets and collaborative tools to capture and share knowledge, under the assumption that in a world in which intellectual capital is increasingly important, the company with the best knowledge management system wins. The underlying assumption is right-intellectual capital and knowledge work are increasingly important. But knowledge that isn't turned into action is about as bad as action that is not informed by knowledge. Our research has uncovered some important barriers to using and implementing knowledge and building a culture of action instead of just talk and analysis. We have found examples and strategies for overcoming the knowing-doing gap to build a culture of implementation. And there are a set of management practices that can create a company that learns from its experience and turns that learning into actions and results.

Building High Performance Organizations and Cultures. The data are clear: success does not come from mergers and consolidations to increase size, from being in high technology, from being in the "right" industry, or even from being first to market with an idea-after all, Xerox invented the first personal computer, Ampex made the first VCR, and Amazon was at least the fourth company to being selling books online. Instead, studies of companies in numerous industries ranging from automobile manufacturing to semiconductors, studies of companies in multiple industries, and research in countries including the United Kingdom, Korea, and Germany demonstrate the strong correlation between how companies manage their people and their profits, productivity, and customer and employee retention. Our research has identified the essential elements of high performance or high-commitment work arrangements, why these practices are effective, and what this means for building management systems and organizational culture.

The Paths to Power. Although power is a word that sometimes has negative connotations in organizations, building power and influence is what effective leaders do and is essential to getting things done. Over decades of research, we have uncovered what are effective ways of building and exercising influence, and some of the dilemmas and choices people face as they move through their careers in organizations. It is possible to answer questions such as: 1) When is power and influence more important for getting things done (it turns out that team-oriented, more collegial environments actually make influence skills more, rather than less important); 2) What are the individual attributes associated with being influential, and how can these be developed; 3) What are some effective strategies and tactics for obtaining and using power; 4) How can you develop allies and supporters; 5) how can you deal effectively with opposition and with difficult opponents; and 6) what are some pitfalls to those in positions of power, and how can these be avoided. Our educational work helps people develop their clinical, observational skills, their ability to analyze and exercise influence effectively, and to think constructively about power and its use in getting things done in organizations of all sizes and types.

Managing in Tough Times: What Companies Have Done Right, and Mostly Wrong. The most typical response to the difficult economic environment of the past few years has been to cut costs and retrench. There have been layoffs, cutbacks in new product and new expansion initiatives, and attempts to outsource more and more activities. But these moves have seldom considered what their feedback effects will be. A few companies have recognized that though times present the best opportunity to gain ground on the competition, and have behaved accordingly. What lessons can we draw from their actions?

Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths, and Total Nonsense: Profiting from Evidence-Based Management. Many organizations decide what to do based on the past experience of senior leader, ideology and belief, and through the casual benchmarking of observing what other companies are doing. None of these represent effective ways of making decisions. Meanwhile, companies have ignored massive amounts of evidence that speak to questions such as the effectiveness of stock options and incentive compensation, whether "winning the war for talent" is possible or even desirable, the effects of setting up internal competitive dynamics, and many other questions that are relevant to understanding management strategies and their effects. The fact that knowledge about "what works" and why is so infrequently used provides an opportunity for information arbitrage in the management of companies that is similar to arbitrage opportunities in the financial markets, except the returns are both larger and less likely to be immediately imitated away. Companies need to use more "evidence-based management" and employ a decision process that uncovers hidden assumptions and confronts them with what leaders know to be true.

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